"The Cost is Sworn to by Women": Gender, United States Counterinsurgency, and Resistance in the Philippines, 1899–1913

Brief Abstract: This paper focuses on the intersections of gender, international relations, and the United States military presence abroad during the GAPE. It argues that American masculinities influenced the innovation of counterinsurgency tactics during the Philippine-American War, shaping gendered resistance, violence, and social change in the Philippines throughout the post-war occupation.