What are the particular challenges and possibilities of exploring the Amazon rainforest from the vantage point of a historian? Which methodological and historiographical choices do historians make to research the Amazon? What archival collections do they use to account for the transnational reality of the rainforest and to foreground the lived experiences of underrepresented communities in rural and urban Amazonian environments? This roundtable asks a diverse group of historians to reflect on the challenges and possibilities of historical research in and about the Amazon rainforest, particularly on the two areas that historian Barbara Weinstein identified as the most important recent shifts in the Amazonian historiography: defining it as a transnational space and positioning Indigenous peoples at the center. Drawing on scholarship on the borderlands of Peru, Colombia, and Brazil; the contested territory of Essequibo, crossed by the national borders of Venezuela and Guyana; the eighteenth-century Portuguese colony of Grão-Pará in present-day Brazil; and the nineteenth-and twentieth-century development of Amazonian cities, participants examine how Indigenous, Afro-descendant, migrant, and poor mixed-raced settler Amazonians have shaped colonization, state and imperial formation, labor systems, urban development, and the extraction of natural resources through collaboration, negotiation, and contestation. Across these diverse case studies, panelists reflect on the challenges of working with fragmented, transnational, and politically charged archives, and the ways in which national disputes and extractive economies have obscured the histories of several underrepresented communities in the world’s largest rainforest. Likewise, panelists explore the possibilities of historical knowledge to understand the Amazon’s present and past conditions, while examining the methodological strategies required to write a history of the Amazon that is not bound to state-centered narratives and national borders. Finally, this roundtable seeks to bring together historians of the Amazon across national borders and historical periods and reflect on the significance of Amazonian historiography for Latin America as a whole. A discussion with attendees will follow the Q&A with panelists on methodologies, sources, and practices.