If the abiding themes of early American history are liberty and power, those too are the main subjects of environmental histories of new worlds, and this not-so-coincidental coincidence has brought the stakes of environmental history into sharp relief, particularly as concerns over climate, biodiversity and human well-being make their way into broader academic discussion and public discourse. A new generation of environmental historians—including the presenters on this panel—have established that the nonhuman natural world was not just background to the Atlantic world’s colonization, but its essential material. The colonists who resettled the spaces of Indigenous people (only rarely sharing them as equals) significantly expanded the number of people on the land and made new demands of natural resources. Each of these goals could operate with imperial projects to displace Indigenous populations, exploit workers of many kinds, and intensify commercial extraction. Western science was often a part of these trends, though other epistemologies, as with those of Native and enslaved Black people, were sometimes brought into the formation of knowledge about new worlds (whether through cooperation or appropriation)—or else these alternative ways of knowing the natural world were forms of resistance to colonization. Within these processes (ongoing within the still-colonized space of the United States), comprehension and description of plants, animals, landscapes, waterways, and human bodies, according to their perceived natures, could ascribe prestige, beauty, and power, or else were attempts to debase, disqualify, and erase. Hence the significance of environment, broadly defined, to humans’ autonomy but also power over each other. Is there anything in the history of the Atlantic world that could not be described in terms of environmental history? This panel says: no.