The three papers on this panel consider early modern animal extraction, consumption, interaction, and observation across the species line. Taken together, they link the history of medicine, environmental history, and the history of labor and migration to explore the ways in which human-animal encounters reflected and shaped emergent colonialism in the sixteenth-century Iberian Atlantic world. Dr. Mackenzie Cooley will explore “wet markets” (Mexican marketplaces for animal-based medicinal supplies) and their role in role supplying medicaments during the first century of European-American entanglements. Dr. Christopher Valesy will present his research on the complex and increasingly violent conflicts between indigenous populations and big cats that occurred in New Spain response to colonial reforestation. Lastly, Dr. Molly Warsh will consider early Spanish accounts of seasonally migrating animals in the context of Spain’s expanding Atlantic empire and evolving ideas about gendered and moral mobilities. Dr. Karl Appuhn will serve as Chair and Commentator on this session. While sharing a 16^th century Iberian imperial focus, the three papers on this panel explore the importance of cross-species encounters to the evolving early modern world in distinct ways that are likely to appeal to historians working in distinct fields and eras. These include, but are not limited to, scholars of colonial Latin America and the early modern Atlantic and Iberian worlds more broadly, as well as scholars working within the increasingly popular field of human-animal studies.