The papers in this panel explore themes of resistance and community formation among and between Indigenous, African, and European communities in the sixteenth- and seventeenth-century Caribbean. From the Camino Royal in New Spain to the island of Dominica in the southeastern Caribbean, these papers highlight the tensions and possibilities between Indigenous, Afro-Indigenous, African, and European populations at the intersection of racialized slavery and European colonialism. Papers by Dr. Ernesto Mercado-Montero and Dr. Casey Schmitt explore Indigenous and Afro-Indigenous geographies of trade, kinship and politics and the role of racialized slavery in the evolution of those socioeconomic ties. In both cases, Indigenous and Afro-Indigenous communities responded to European demand for enslaved labor by integrating European merchants and interlopers into their commercial networks. Papers by Dr. Daniel Nemser and Dr. Shavagne Scott explore the interplay between European colonial authorities and Indigenous and African communities around the issue of community formation and cross-cultural solidarities. In both cases, Dr. Nemser and Dr. Scott explore how the colonial state developed strategies to prevent the further increase of autonomous Indigenous and/or African communities and the responses of those communities to the colonial state. Rather than simple narratives of oppression and resistance, these papers explore the complicated cultural, political, social, and economic dynamics that existed among Indigenous, African, and European communities in the sixteenth- and seventeenth-century Caribbean.