This panel stems from a series of workshops and an edited volume aimed at reexamining the history of Brazil from an “interior history” perspective. As a country that inherited colonial claims over a vast territory encompassing half of South America, Brazil has had to grapple with what to do with this plurality of interior spaces. Since the nineteenth century, several Brazilian intellectuals have attempted to explain the formation of Brazil’s modern territory using the concept of “frontier” (fronteira). Scholars have both praised the fronteira, viewing its advance as part of a march of the Brazilian civilization, and criticized it for its undemocratic and violent traits. However, their analyses often stop at the juncture moment when a frontier becomes an interior. The papers in this panel attempt to move beyond the teleological confines of the debate about the frontier to look at Brazil through the lens of interior history. To do so, they cast light on the institutional, discursive, and territorial processes through which frontier and borderland areas were transformed into interiors during colonial Brazil. They explore the attempts by nineteenth-century scientists and technicians to employ local commodities to promote territorial integration. They cast light on the Brazilian government’s visions of interior development in the context of the March to the West campaign in the early twentieth century. Finally, they reflect on the history of landscape change vis-à-vis the expansion of agribusiness in the interior in the last fifty years. All in all, this panel stems from a twofold project: to establish interior history as a new subfield and to create a new subject of history itself: the interior.