In a recent article, Ilyse Morgenstein Fuerst defines minoritization as “the systematic process through which elites deny power or access to a group through the implementation of power,” and racialization as “a process through which individuals are made manifest as both belonging to one cogent group as well as possessing those inherent, hereditary, and prognostic characteristics.” These four papers explore the development of the modern Chinese nation-state by examining the racialization and/or minoritization of marginalized communities from the late-Qing empire through the present. Hannah Theaker examines the minoritization of Hui (Chinese Muslims) communities and the racialization of Islam in the wake of massive late-nineteenth century civil wars through such instruments as mass resettlements and household registrations. She also considers the long-term consequences for the relationships between Hui and Han and between Islam and the state. Jeffrey Ngo asks what it means that scholarly critics of the PRC’s claims to Qing inheritance often refer to its ‘re-occupation’ of Inner Asia while calling the takeover of Hong Kong a ‘retrocession,’ a framework that unconsciously majoritizes Hong Kong while simultaneously minoritizing its inhabitants. Loretta Kim investigates ethnographic practices in China from the 1950s through today. By examining the study of northeast China’s “small ethnic groups,” she shows that language is becoming an identity trait that is regarded as historically significant and “primordial” but one that will become an optional and more intentional manifestation of ethnic identity in the future. Guldana Salimjan turns our attention to the Kazakh of Xinjiang and the Xinjiang Production and Construction Core, a uniquely powerful state institution that through its military presence and Han biopower reproduces colonial relations and the racialization of the native population through unfree labor and incarceration. Finally, drawing from her expertise in the history of the late-Ottoman Empire and its successor states, Janet Klein will comment on colonialisms, racialization, and minoritization in modern China and beyond.